胚胎着床是包括人类在内的哺乳动物发育过程中的里程碑事件,生理状态下超过半数以上的人类胚胎由于无法顺利着床导致不孕。既往研究通常使用小鼠和食蟹猴等模式生物对这一过程展开探索,然而调控围着床时期胚胎发育的分子机制和形态学变化特征在不同物种之间存在较大差异,这使得在小鼠等模式生物研究中获得的调控规律较难为人类胚胎发育研究提供有价值的线索。然而,由于人类胚胎着床发生在受精卵形成后一周左右的时间点,这使得研究者们无法获得生理状况下的这一发育阶段的人类胚胎。长期以来,这一人类关键发育阶段一直成为发育生物学研究的黑匣子。为了深入探讨这一过程中的分子动态规律,挖掘调控胚胎着床过程中的潜在分子机制,2019年8月22日,北大-清华生命联合中心汤富酬课题组携手乔杰课题组合作在Nature在线发表了题为Reconstituting the transcriptome and DNA methylome landscapes of human implantation的研究论文。结合体外模拟人类着床策略1和高精度单细胞多组学测序技术2,3(single-cell RNA-seq, single-cell Trio-seq2),首次利用单细胞转录组和DNA甲基化组图谱重构了人类胚胎着床过程,系统解析了这一关键发育过程中的基因表达调控网络和DNA甲基化动态变化过程。研究者们发现围着床时期人类胚胎的三个主要细胞谱系(上胚层、原始内胚层、滋养外胚层)表现出独特的发育特征,而且胚胎在这一时期迅速呈现出母胎连接预备状态;随后,作者发现在可观察事件窗口期内(体外培养day12以前),雌雄胚胎的X染色体剂量并未达到平衡,且雌性胚胎逐渐启动并逐渐呈现出父源或母源X染色体随机失活趋势;最后,研究者们利用单细胞多组学测序手段发现不同细胞谱系具有截然不同的DNA甲基化动态变化特征,提示基因表达调控网络和DNA甲基化可能共同协调决定囊胚阶段后的细胞谱系命运决定。
然而,不同哺乳动物胚胎类型之间存在较明显的物种差异,说明从小鼠到人类之间的发育过程的研究推理从而获得的有效结论非常有限,这意味着人类着床后胚胎形态学和分子调控等变化规律最好能直接通过人类胚胎研究来获取。相比小鼠来说,人类囊胚形成过程中的分子和细胞学机制研究仍然偏少,已有研究暗示二者在谱系分化和功能方面存在时间和潜能上的巨大差异10。Ali H. Brivanlou实验室以及Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz实验室近期将小鼠着床后胚胎培养体系进一步发展至人类胚胎,新建的培养体系同样能促进人类胚胎在体外经历着床前向着床后的转化与发育,培养体系无需母体组织参与;形态学证据揭示了在这一阶段人类胚胎发育的主要特征,表明人类胚胎在着床后期具有自我构建(self-organization)特性,这极大的丰富了人们对于人类胚胎着床这一生物学过程的认识1,11。
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